The Good Life Groundhog Day Essay Example For Students

The Good Life Groundhog Day Essay What is the good life? As a child I believed that the definition of a good life was one in which I finished college, got a good job and went on to raise a family. It would be a life without hardships or conflict, filled with nothing but contentment and joy. It wasn’t until I was older that I realized that a good life was more than that because living meant more than just a preconceived notion of a good life. I think the meaning of what a good life is can be found in Alasdair McIntyre, a Scottish philosopher, claim that â€Å"the good life for man is the life spent in seeking for the good life for man, and the virtues necessary for seeking are those by which will enable us to understand what more and what else the good life for man is†. There is no better way to grasp what he is saying than by analyzing the fantastical movie Groundhog Day. Phil Connors, the lead character in the movie, is a TV weatherman who goes to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania to cover the annual Groundhog Day event. We will write a custom essay on The Good Life Groundhog Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Phil tries to leaves after completing his assignment he finds he can’t and that he is now stuck in a time loop where he is subjected to living out the day of February 2 over and over again. At first Phil is portrayed as a sort of Machiavellian character. He detaches himself not only from conventional morality but from society as well. He makes statements throughout the beginning of the moving showing just how cynical his views are about people as a whole. As the time loop begins Phil dives into all the vices he can possible imagine, including robbing an armored truck and deceiving woman in order to have sexual relations with them but as time draws on Phil realizes that his actions are not giving him a sense of pleasure any longer and at this point he attempts to connect with Rita Hanson, the news producer that has accompanied him on his assignment. He tries to become the man he believes Rita wants by acting out the virtues and characteristics she values but the attempt ends with Rita slapping him. At this point in the movie Phil still didn’t understand that the act of being virtuous is more than just the act of being virtuous. You have to embrace the belief and values behind the act otherwise you are being insincere and dishonest. As the movie progresses we begin to see a different man emerge. Phil starts to live out a purpose filled life in which he engages with others around him. He becomes an active part in society and he realizes the things he placed as important no longer are, like his fame, because at the end of the day all of those things are washed away and he has to begin again the next day like the day before never happened. At the end of the film, one the last day that repeats we see a man who embraces being virtuous, not because he is expected to but because he wants to. He wakes up and starts his day trying to be a better man than he was the day before, not for others or to end the curse but for himself and for the feeling of contentment he receives in being a better man. The result is that the curse finally ends. Was that the lesson the universe trying to teach Phil? Is it the same thing that MacIntyre claims? That to live a good life is more than just about fame and money, it’s about connecting with others and seeking out virtues that not only better ourselves but better those around us. But it’s more than that, we also have to embrace the beliefs behind the virtues we seek, not just simply committing the act of being virtuous. So ask yourself this, do you attempt to live a better life every morning you wake or do you simply move forward through life doing as you believe others expect you to and not what is necessary to living a truly good life?

Enhancing Employability in Marketing The WritePass Journal

Enhancing Employability in Marketing Introduction Enhancing Employability in Marketing ). Current trends also include co-marketing in which various brands allied in a particular field come together in marketing campaigns such as consumer, trade and press events for mutual benefit. Complementary businesses create partnerships which enable them to benefit from economies of scale, and enables increased exposure to new audiences (Gruber 2004). Also included among current trends are in-store merchandising which include posters, branding, brochures, product displays and the securing of valuable shop floor space for merchandise; in-house expos that are used to showcase product portfolio and entire brand to trade and press; product placements in movies, sitcoms, games and other media; direct marketing and public relations; and outdoor media campaigns targeting key commuter areas and areas with greater potential consumer reach which result in increased web traffic and enquiries by consumers (KTLLC report 2012). The traditional marketing platforms such as newspaper ads, magazine placements, and commercials on television and radio are still quite effective but are, however, challenged by the emerging technologies and are slowly losing the significance that they have had in the past (Roberts 2007). There are contemporary (non-traditional) forms that have emerged with the success of emerging technologies but these platforms are yet to gain prominence and therefore are not yet highly effective though they have huge potential (KTLLC report 2012). These are inclusive of mobile marketing which entails mobile advertising, as well as, the use of marketing apps and branded apps on mobile to reach consumers with brand messages; crowd sourcing which is an open innovative model pioneered by sites such as Threadless.com in which customers are engaged to design and vote on new product designs; and geotargeting which entails the use of popular tools such as local websites offering discounts and review opportunities making it easy for consumers to find deals and engage with the businesses in their neighbourhoods and beyond creating local marketing campaigns which are highly targeted (Ebling 2007). During my placement, I was also tasked with the management of databases containing customer information while ensuring the smooth and effective operation of general processes and procedures pertaining to the Brand Management team. These processes include the coordination of general Public Relations activities; magazine subscriptions; implementation of new policies into the department; cross-brand trade promotion analysis and the maintenance of cross-brand expenditure tracking tools such as the advertising log, among other expenses. With regard to Brand Specific activities, I was tasked to assist Fisher Outdoor Leisure’s brand managers with specific brand activities such as the devising of strategy and alignment of messages for the commute and leisure cycling categories, new product launches, overall brand building, trade and consumer communication, and the implementation of an integrated marketing plan. Employability Various selection methods are used by recruiters, employers and agencies in the search for individuals to form organization’s workforce and to enable these organizations to achieve their success and objectives. The traditional method is the form in which written applications are sent either directly to employers or to agencies which is followed by robust interviews to screen candidates for appropriate fit to the organization’s objectives (Srinivasan 2009). Registration with job recruitment agencies or job search firms, as well as the personal network/word of mouth is more prominent as employers through their relationship with the agency or its network are able to gain valuable insight into the track record on current or previous roles of a candidate and thereby avoid the rigor associated with screening for appropriate candidates (Jacoby 2005). Temporary staff recruitment by employment agencies is also a method of recruitment in which an agency recruits and offers individuals for employment in organizations on a temporary basis (CBI report 2009). ­Ã‚ ­ Choice of candidates from work placement candidates and interns is also prominent in some organization’s hiring activity as these individuals are deemed to have gained valuable experience and have been observed at work, tried and tested for appropriateness (Salary Market Insight report 2012). Advantages of work placement The main advantage of a year-long work placement for second year undergraduates is that it gives the individual useful experience of the job market and valuable experience on what goes on in the business environment or in various organizations (CBI report 2009). It also enables an individual to make appropriate decisions on their career path before they actually make necessary decisions regarding coursework paths, the areas that they would like to continue with as their chosen careers.   Work placement also enhances the chances of finding work with the respective companies as the individuals who have had gained experience on work placement are deemed more valuable than new recruits who would require extensive time-consuming training (CBI report 2009). Disadvantages of work placement A disadvantage arises from the increase in time spent in college, with the addition of a full year to enable the year-long work placement program. Also a disadvantage is the timing, as in second year, a student is not quite adequately informed about their career choices and paths and this might affect their choice of work placement programs (Brown 1998). Ease of obtaining work placement Organizations and employers in the modern day are cautious and risk averse, concerned with keeping the headcount within consistent which causes a dip in hiring activity. This caution also affects the work placement programs as these are paid positions which should contribute to the overall objective (Salary Market Insight report 2012). Getting work placement in this regard is therefore not easy under these circumstances and constraints. Organizations continue to seek specialist skills that will make immediate tangible impact on their bottom lines fighting for the high calibre, high quality candidates often in a limited talent pool. This has necessitated the use of screening and elimination processes to acquire the best fit with successful candidates often being those who have previous relevant and valuable experience (Salary Market Insight report 2012). This locks out candidates from the work placement category as this constrains opportunities for entrants into the job market with low skills and a huge requirement for training, therefore, making the finding of work placement opportunities a challenge. However, employers and universities have a duty to prepare tomorrows workforce through the development of their skills and attributes such as self-management, team working, understanding of key drivers for business success, problem solving, communication and literacy, entrepreneurship, and a positive attitude among other skills and attributes. In light of the limited talent pool and the difficulty in finding people with specialized skill sets, it is essential that organizations create work placement opportunities that enable the development of these desired skill sets and traits (CBI report 2009). This endeavour therefore eases the finding of work placement opportunities overall and enables companies attract quality graduates and post graduates with the desired skill and trait sets. Work placement fit in my career plan In the development towards my career in marketing, work placement at Fisher Outdoor Leisure Limited fits very well in my plan as it has given me invaluable insight and practical experience with regard to the marketing and advertising field. This opportunity has also enabled me to develop a number of skills and attributes that are often required in the job market and that enhance my chances in the job market upon graduating. The various tasks that I engaged in during my work placement covered a huge part of what marketing entails and were representative of the actual tasks that would comprise my future role in my career. My intention in preparing myself for the job market and enhancing my chances therefore includes identifying my skills sets and desirable attributes and those that I lack so as to further my personal development and employability. The skills that I intend to develop include entrepreneurship which includes risk taking, creativity and innovation which my work placement at Fisher Outdoor Leisure greatly helped me develop through the engagement in the marketing tasks. An attribute also developed at Fisher Outdoor Leisure Ltd. is communication through my involvement in developing marketing messages and general communication with trade and customers which required effective listening and questioning; problem solving skills through the situations in my particular responsibility and daily tasks with the requirement for creative thinking in developing advertising programs and strategies. It is evident therefore that my work placement was very important in development towards my future career. In my development towards my career, I need to develop self-management trait better in terms of developing flexibility, resilience, readiness for any responsibility and tasks, as well as, assertiveness; and to generally develop a positive attitude, openness to new ideas and a drive to achieve that will enable success in my chosen career path and contribution in my particular job. I would also need to develop number skills and the application of numbers that would be useful in analysis and evaluation of various data and information in the markets and in my particular professional field. This would require that I develop an understanding on the application and use of various Information technology tools and software, as well as taking relevant professional courses upon completion of my undergraduate studies that would build my capacity for such analysis and evaluation appropriate for my career. After graduation, I would also seek short term volunteer positions or internships that would enable to gain in understanding of key drivers for business and to fill up idle time that will result with the completion of my undergraduate study. This endeavour would benefit me in enhancing practical experience gained, adding on to my track record and overall skill thereby improving my employability and ease in getting a hiring. Conclusion This report has detailed my work placement which was undertaken at Fisher Outdoor Leisure Limited, a UK cycle distributor. My tasks and duties as Brand Assistant in the company entailed engagement in communication with trade customers, Market analysis, Corporate Brand development, enhancement of operational effectiveness in the marketing department, and involvement in Brand specific activities generally. The report has also delved into current trends in the Marketing and advertising industry taking an overview of the various platforms including social media and the online platform, the traditional print, TV and radio and the emerging contemporary platforms such as mobile marketing, crowd sourcing and geotargeting. It has also discussed the ease of obtaining work placement identifying the advantages and disadvantages of such work placement in second year undergraduate; overall employability and the skills and attributes that enhance such employability; and my personal endeavour towards employability and the development towards my future career. References Ataman, M., C., Mela, and H., Van Heerde, 2008. Building brands. Marketing Science, forthcoming. Burgess, S., and J., Steenkamp, 2006. â€Å"Marketing renaissance: How research in emerging markets advances marketing science and practice.† In: International Journal of  Research in Marketing, 23 (4). CBI Employability Report, 2009. Graduate employability – CBI/UUK Report. Jacoby, S., 2005. The Embedded Corporation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. KTLLC communications report, 2012. Creative Solutions for Converging media. Salary and Market Insight Report, 2012. Michael Page. Roberts, J., U., Kayande, and S., Stremersch, 2007. Impact of marketing science on practice. European Marketing Association Conference Presentation. Srinivasan, S., and D., Hanssens, 2009. Marketing and firm value, Journal of Marketing  Research, forthcoming. Brown, S., and K., Eisenhardt, 1998. Competing on the Edge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Gruber, M., 2004. Marketing in new ventures: Theory and empirical evidence. Schmalenbach Business Review, 56(April 2004), 164-199. Ebling, C., and D., Klapper, 2007. Dynamic effects of promotions in choice data: Differences with respect to whether, what and how much to purchase. Marketing Dynamics Conference 2007. Delre, S., et al., 2007. Targeting and timing promotional activities: An agent-based model for the take-off of new products. Journal of Business Research, 60 (8), 826-835.

Genital Warts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genital Warts - Essay Example Being a sexually transmitted disease, the risk factors in venereal warts is directly related to the sexual lifestyle of a person. Genital warts are most prevalent in persons who practices unprotected sex with multiple sex partners. Others include "having has another sexually transmitted disease, having sex with a partner who has an unknown sexual history, and becoming sexually active at a young age (Genital Warts 2007)." Treatment of genital warts should always be undertaken by a physician with this expertise. Over the counter medications used to treat common warts are not suitable for the moist tissues in the genital area. The treatment of genital warts includes medical prescriptions and surgery. Some of the chemicals which are directly applied onto the skin are: imiquimod which boost the body's immune system to fight the warts, podofilox which destroys the genital warts' tissues, and trichloroacetic acid which burns off genital warts. Surgery is often the best option if larger warts are to be removed that they do not respond to medications or if the infected person is pregnant which exposes the baby to risk of infection during delivery.

FINAL PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FINAL PROJECT - Assignment Example It is no surprise that the running theme of 21st century literature is escapism. Escape from our stresses and limitations; freedom from the normalcy and structure of our day to day lives. Popular novels, short stories, and tales of all ages, which has been directly reflected in films and television as well, center on the lives of wizards with a destiny greater than themselves, romantic vampire tales that promise things like immortality and â€Å"plenty of time† to do as we please, fairy tales, science fictions, and superheroes. Anything that separates people from their own existence as it is, even if only for a time. Paige Bradley’s sculpture, â€Å"Expansion,† is a stunning and thought-provoking piece that captures the modern human need to free itself from all the restrictions of life, even those of the body. The sculpture captures that moment when ones inner light, soul, spirit, or inner essence, however you preference to perceive it, breaking through the flesh. At the same time the peaceful expression and meditative pose of the figure shares with us that this experience is enlightening, not painful or unpleasant. It is a desired occurrence, perhaps a needed one. As stated before we all have a need to be acknowledged, respected, and appreciated for our inner selves not just our external existence. The artist herself explained that she fears that, â€Å"†¦ we are more defined by the container we are in, rather than what we are inside.†("Paige bradley," 2012) That said, this piece captures the human need to escape from the restrictions, be they physical, economical, or social that bind us. These are the same restrictions that encourage us to seek the same escapism in our modern

Time Value of Money Essay Example for Free

Time Value of Money Essay The application of the time value of money theory is very useful in the case of making a decision about obtaining a loan or rejecting it. According to the theory of time value of money, the rule of thumb for making down payment is: if your bank account pays lower rate than the loan, than use your money in the bank account as down payment. This rule is based on the realization of the fact that the value of the money which has been placed on the deposit is going to decline with time, and the percent rate on the deposit which the bank offers is not going to ensure that the value of the person’s money is kept on the same level. At the same time, the person could benefit from making a down payment for a car or any other object because the value of the money would reduce with time and thus he would be paying less for the object which he bought as the result of the loan. Despite the fact that the statements of the time value of money theory are obvious, the author of the article â€Å"Should You Pay Cash for a New Car?† in Los Angeles Times seems to regard all of the issues connected with consumer loans in a different light. Most of the points which he makes in the article are either completely incorrect or need to be altered in order to correspond with the statements which theory of time value of money makes. First of all, the author marks that it is always much better for consumers to obtain loans at the bank instead of investing their own money which they have in deposits. He mentions that consumers did not have computers in order to calculate the benefits of obtaining loans. If they had, â€Å"they might otherwise have seen the advantage in borrowing without taking anyones word for it†. However, as the rule of thumb states, it is profitable to make a down payment for the loan only in that case when the bank account pays a lower rate than the loan. The author does not take this rule into consideration and makes a statement that all of the consumers need to obtain loans, despite the differences between the rates of interest on deposits and loans. The point of view which he is trying to express is that no matter what, obtaining a loan will always be the best possible solution for the consumer. The author mentions the rule which Frank Sperling, vice president at Security Pacific National Bank gives in order to guide consumers in making a choice for or against consumer loans: if a consumer is able to obtain at least half of the interest rate on the investment in comparison with the interest rate on the loan, he is going to make a correct choice by obtaining a loan. This rule is quite similar to the rule of thumb which is being used in the theory of time value of money but it is too concrete of a case. It is impossible to make a conclusion about the interest rate on investment being exactly half of the interest rate on the loan for the deal to be beneficial for the consumer. The benefits of the consumer can be relatively larger if the gap is increased but the consumer can make a down payment for the item which he wants to buy whenever the rate on the loan excesses the yield on investment. The author also states that there can be differences between the rule applications for different types of loans but it is not true because the rule can be applied for any type of loan. It is based on the general objective principles on the theory of time value of money which are universal. Besides, the approach which the author describes does not work in any economic environment. The consumer needs first to realize in what environment the country’s economy is functioning at this point. This can be either the environment of increasing interest rates or of decreasing interest rates. If the interest rates are going to decline in the future, the consumer will need to consider an option of refinancing the loan in the future. If the interest rates are increasing, the consumer might think of obtaining a loan with a lower interest rate now and investing his funds in securities which a higher interest rate in the following periods of time. He also needs to consider the possibilities of obtaining a fixed interest rate for the loan in order to ensure that his payments on the loan are not increasing and invest in floating-rate securities in order to benefit from the interest rate fluctuation in the future. Without the analysis of the economic environment, there is no possibility to make a conclusion about the best possible way of buying a car or any other item. The author also makes an incorrect statement that the major difference between making an investment and obtaining a loan is that the percent rate is calculated on a different basis. According to him, the percent rate on the loan is being compounded only annually and the rate of interest on the investment can be compounded monthly: â€Å"Keppel†¦ calculated that 48 months of interest on a 14.2 percent loan of $8,239.05 would be $2,607.62, while the same principal invested at 8 percent, compounded monthly would earn interest of $3,095.06- a profit of $487.44†. However, this rule is going to be true only in the case when both the loan and the investment have the mentioned characteristics. It is not the general case because interest rates on loans as well as on any other assets can be compounded in any number of ways. It is impossible to say that the investment is going to bring profits to Keppel only due to the different techniques of interest calculations because it is very far from the truth. The question is whether he will be able to obtain the loan and make the investment according to the terms which are favorable for him. The author of the article has expressed complete ignorance in the knowledge of the finance and particularly their theory of time value of money. In order to make a correct decision about the way of purchasing an item, consumers need to make sure they take all of the issues of this theory into consideration.

Main Factors Leading To The Cuban Revolution History Essay

Main Factors Leading To The Cuban Revolution History Essay What at the time seemed so surprising about Cuba in 1959 was that such a thoroughgoing social revolution happened there, given its relative prosperity. The answer is to be found in the particular historical conditions of the country. Cuba had, since independence from Spain, been prone to political instability and had undergone many attempts at change ranging from reformist governments, revolution and dictatorship. All of these attempts, and the reasons underlying them, played a part in the eventual triumph of Fidel Castros revolution and, in the failure of previous attempts at changing Cuba, lay the seeds of the new order on the island. As Ruiz (1968, p.7) points out, the 1959 revolution represented no sharp break with the past. The conditions for revolution had long been present and previous responses to them conditioned the path that the revolution of 1959 would take. What, then, were the factors in Cubas history and in its social and political life which made that revolution possi ble? Having identified them, one must turn to a discussion of the conditions during Fulgencio Batistas dictatorship from 1952 to the end of 1958 and the course that resistance to it took, and how that resistance, with Castro at its head, eventually triumphed. The historical conditions which contributed to the triumph of the revolution were categorized by Wright (2001, p.2) into four main areas: firstly, anti-American sentiment, provoked in Cuba by economic and political dependence on America since independence, secondly the negative effects on Cuban society and its economy of overdependence on sugar production, thirdly, the fragmented and divided nature of Cuban society and lastly, the weakness of Cuban political institutions, their lack of legitimacy, and the unpopularity of a political class tainted by corruption. To this last point may be added the propensity of Cuban politics to descend into violence, a trend dating back to the independence struggle against Spain. United States forces occupied Cuba after it had gained independence from Spain in 1898 and its influence was to be a constant in the political and economic system of the island. The most glaring and most resented example of United States intervention in Cuba was the Platt Amendment of 1902. This put limits on how much Cuba could borrow from foreign countries and the negotiation of treaties. It also allowed the United States the right to intervene for the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property and individual liberty (Williamson, 1992, p.439). In effect, Cuba became a protectorate of the United States. The Platt Amendment represented a humiliation to many Cubans and a betrayal of the independence struggle, and remained a contentious issue even after its repeal in 1934. It linked advancement and progress to the need to rid the country of foreign interference and became a key question in Cuban politics. American intervention at such an early stage cut across the process of building confidence in, and legitimacy for, the new institutions of the state recently freed from colonial rule and identified the whole political system from its start with foreign domination. It also influenced the conduct of politicians who relied on the support of America to settle political disputes, which were many in the first 20 to 30 years of the Republics life (Thomas, 1971). Early Cuban elections were fraudulent affairs and United States intervention was called upon on a number of occasions. An armed challenge to the government elected in 1906 resulted in United States intervention and resulted in direct rule until 1909. Further interventions took place in 1912, and again in 1917 when the election result was challenged by an armed revolt by the defeated party. Another important intervention came during the dictatorship of Gerardo Machado. The American ambassador first replaced the dictator Machado and then supported the army backed overthrow of his successor, Ramon San Martin Grau (Argote-Freyre, 2006). A sense of the humiliation and moral decay suffered by Cubans is offered by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (McPherson, 2006, p.40) who said of Havana in 1950 that it resembled a giant casino and brothel. American tourists were picking up 14 year old Cuban girls and tossing coins to make men scramble in the gutter. He went on to say that nobody could be surprised if Cubans hated America. American political and economic influences on Cuba were closely linked. Investment from the United States had been steadily growing from the last days of Spanish rule. It increased in the 1920s as many Cubans had been ruined by the slump in the price of sugar in 1920, and by 1927 amounted to more than a billion dollars (Wright, 2001, p.4). Two thirds of all Cuban exports went to America in the 1950s (Paterson, 1995, p.35). By the 1950s, American interests controlled 90% of the telephone and electricity system, 50% of railways and 40% of the banking sector (Girling, 1980, p.49). This economic control had a number of effects on Cuba, one of which was in the way it limited the room to manoeuvre of Cuban governments. According to Ruffin (1990, p.77) economic dependence severely restricted political leadership in Cuba. Politicians for the most part acted in defence of American interests. For much of Cubas Republican history the need to appease American interests, and those of their followers in Cuba, made it difficult to influence any reforms which conflicted with those interests. The increasing American control over the Cuban economy meant a tightening of American political influence over Cubas affairs and meant that defending those interests became a prime concern for Cuban political parties. Legislation, such as much needed land reform, became subservient to the interests of the sugar producers who owned vast areas of land. In 1933, the government of Grau fell in part because the Americans refused to recognise it due to the reforms which it attempted to implement. Most Cuban politicians were unable or unwilling to upset the Americans and to disrupt the industry to which Cuba owed so much of its prosperity but which also fatally undermined its institutions (Ruffin, 1990). Taking on America was daunting, given Cubas dependence on American markets. Nowhere was this dependence on American markets more apparent, nor the need for change greater, than in the reliance of the Cuban economy on sugar production. The overdependence on sugar, which accounted for 85% of Cuban exports in the 1950s, (Wright, 2001, p.5) skewed not only the Cuban economy but also its political life and brought many social problems in its train. Decisions taken in Washington concerning quotas, duties and so on can and did have a profound effect on the Cuban economy. Cuba produced 3.6 million tons of sugar in 1923, rising to 5.2 million tons in 1925 and 7 million tons in 1952, falling to 4.7 million tons in 1954. Prices underwent similar swings which made economic planning difficult (Williams, 1970, p.480). The consequences of this dependence were many. Peasants were displaced creating an army of landless rural workers. Furthermore, as work on the sugar plantations was seasonal, from December to April, many were unemployed for a good part of the year (Ruffin, 1990). This unemployment, unlike the rise and fall of employment in other industries, was endemic to the system in Cuba appearing predictably every year when the sugar harvest was over. In addition, sugar attracted investment away from other crops and industries. Sugar companies owned or rented 70-75% of Cubas arable land (Sheer Zeitlin, 1964, p.24) and Cuba had to import much of the food which it needed. Other negative effects were to be seen in the financial sector. American banks were attracted to Cuba to underwrite the costs of the sugar industry. The 1920s was a key decade in this respect. Many who had borrowed in the boom years saw their fortunes wiped out during the depression and the stock market crash of 1929. The Cuban banking system collapsed, and the gap was plugged by foreign, mainly American banks. Whether the crop was good or bad or whether prices were high or low also had political and social consequences. Dulles (cited in Paterson, 1995, p.35) in a comment to President Eisenhower said that a reduction in the amount of Cuban sugar coming into America might easily tip the scales to cause revolution For example, Machados regime from 1925 to 1933 was marked by the convulsions caused by the fluctuations in the price of sugar and the collapse in the economy following the Wall Street crash of 1929 and which provoked a wave of strikes and street violence which were countered by a range of repressive tactics. On the other hand, the good years could help to provide a measure of political and social stability, as during the 1940s. There were social aspects to the sugar system as well. To meet the demand for labour in the good years, manpower was imported from Haiti, Jamaica and China sharpening already tense racial relations (Patterson, 1994). The existence of large numbers of workers who were unemployed for most of the year outside of the sugar harvesting season between December and April was always a potential focus for social and labour unrest. According to Sheer et al. (1964) all the mischievousness of the sugar system were aggravated by the fact that many Cubans saw them as having been inflicted by American business interests. The insurgents who had fought in the war of Independence targeted the cane fields and sugar mills burning many. It was during the American occupation when the industry was built back up again. Hostility to dependence on sugar and America constituted a grievance around which diverse groups in the fractured Cuban society could unite. Cuba also suffered from the fragmentation of its society throughout its history (Gott, 2004). Cuba, unlike other countries in Latin America lacked political elite, often composed of large landowners, with ties to the Catholic Church and the Military. In Cuba the old aristocracy had been wiped out during the independence struggle between 1868 and 1895, and there did not exist a powerful landowning class with close ties to the land (Williamson, 1992, p.439). The large sugar plantations dated from the last days of Spanish rule and much of them were in foreign hands. Nelson argued (Thomas, 1971, p.1111) that there was no national middle class. What middle class existed was based overwhelmingly in urban areas. The upper reaches of Cuban society threw in their lot with the system installed by the Americans. Native industry was underdeveloped and the ruling class interests were identified with those of their American allies. The lower classes were also fragmented. Most of the poor lived in the country while only a small urban working class existed in the towns and cities. Class divisions in Cuba were largely along rural urban lines. Some figures relating to rural housing conditions may help to illustrate this division. While Cuba in the 1950s could boast of relatively high figures in Latin American terms for ownership of consumer goods such as TVs, radios and telephones, the countryside painted a different picture. 97% had no refrigeration facilities, 85% no running water and 91% no electricity (Williams, 1970, p.479). Furthermore, seasonal workers were unemployed for a large part of the year and such an insecure life, in terms of employment, coloured their relationship with other groups and with society as a whole. Ruiz (1968, p.147) sums it up by his comments that no social or ideological bonds united workers or integrated them into the structure of society. Racial and ethnic divisions were also a feature of life in Cuba. Fear of a black takeover retarded the development of the independence movement in Cuba. Blacks made up a considerable proportion of the Cuban population and were disaffected with their treatment after their role in the independence struggle and by the history of slavery on the island. This disaffection was on occasions exploited by politicians in the early years of the Republic. They made up a considerable part of the army assembled by the Liberals after their defeat in the 1906 elections. A revolt of disaffected blacks took place in 1912 which was ruthlessly suppressed with the loss of 3,000 lives. This event would alienate blacks further from the mainstream of Cuban society (Gott, 2004). Fear of the black population also surfaced in the wake of the 1933 revolution. As the most impoverished section of the population, blacks seized upon the excitement of the times as an opportunity to improve their lot and played a leading role in the agitation on the sugar plantations where soviets were established. Despite the enthusiasm of many blacks for the revolution, thousands of blacks from Haiti were deported evidencing the degree of racial feeling in Cuba (Gott, 2004, p.141). Other institutions in Cuban society lacked popular support or respect and did not constitute a focus for unity or action. The Catholic Churchs position in Cuba had been weakened from independence with the separation of church and state in 1900. The Church was also seen as a white Spanish institution and therefore lacked influence among the black population. Also, unlike other Latin American countries, the Church did not form an alliance with the ruling elite or the military (Gott, 2004). Lastly, the political apparatus itself reflected the fragmentation in society. The parties were unrepresentative and by the 1950s the old mainstream parties were discredited and the way was open for others to fill the gap. Batista tried it with his dictatorship from 1952, but it was Fidel Castro who capitalised on the failure of democratic parties to address Cubas many and varied problems. This failure of democratic politics affected those groups who were to later make up the opposition to Batista and who helped in the success of Castros revolution (Gott, 2004). Weakness, incompetence and corruption were endemic to the Cuban political system from its earliest days. The first President Estrada Palma, led a class of politicians who, according to Thomas (1971, p.472) only sought the spoils of war after their role in the independence struggle. There was not a great deal of ideological differences between the Republican and Liberal parties. They suffered from the start from the involvement of America which wrested prestige and legitimacy from political institutions. Furthermore, the lack of democratic institutions prior to independence had not prepared Cubans well for eventual self government. The tradition of taking up arms, forged under Spanish colonial rule, was also frequently resorted to, which called into question the credibility of the entire political system. The possibility of calling in America as the arbiter of disputes was the default fallback position. The far from auspicious start represented by the fraud surrounding the first elections and the armed revolt against the government of Estrada Palma and the subsequent American intervention set the tone for electoral politics in the early years of Cuban democracy. Competition was not so much based on principle, rather as a crude struggle to see who would control the resources of the state which provided the means for personal enrichment, with the unfortunate turning readily to violence when hindered (Thomas, 1971). In a society dominated by sugar, and foreign owned industry, control of government jobs and access to the states resources proved to be a source of patronage and of enrichment for many. For example, between 1943 and 1949 the government payroll increased from 60,000 to 131,000 (Goldenberg, 1965, p.110). Many other corrupt practices existed such as the granting of permission for the sale of lottery tickets and it has been estimated that the dictator Machado made $3,000,000 a year from lottery collectorships (Sheer Zeitlin, 1964, p.46). These corrupt practices also provided a means of securing the loyalty of those who benefited from them. Electoral fraud was also a fact of life in a system where none of the parties had genuine mass appeal. Gott reports (2004, p.114) that in the early elections, armed supporters of the different parties would be present at polling stations and in the elections of 1916 the number of votes cast outnumbered eligible voters (Gott, 2004, p.127). The government of Gerardo Machado promised a new start. It initially was reformist and enjoyed a degree of popularity. However, it suffered from the uncertainty and turbulence of the 1920s in Cuba, occasioned by fluctuations in the market price for sugar and the eventual collapse of the Cuban banking system. In 1928, and despite a pledge not to govern for more than one term, Machado was elected unopposed for a second time. He also extended the length of his term from 4 to 6 years. It was a measure of the low standards of the Cuban political system that this flouting of democratic practice was supported by all the other parties in the Congress. There was a huge amount of social unrest, strikes, assassinations and bombings to which Machado responded with brutal repression (Gott, 2004). By the late 1920s a new generation was emerging of Cubans born in the Republic who expected more from it and who charged the old guard of betraying the ideals of the revolution which had won independence. Students, always to the forefront in Cuban political affairs, were particularly impatient for change, and groups such as the Directorio Estudiantil were to play an important role in the revolution which would topple the dictatorship of Machado (Thomas, 1971). The situation in Cuba was fast escaping from Machados control. The strikes, violence and worsening economic situation raised fears of social revolution and engendered a feeling of insecurity and uncertainty. Groups like the ABC, a terrorist organisation made up of middle and upper class students, replied to Machados notoriously brutal police force in kind, killing many of them in the street (Gott, 2004). The American government began to take an interest and sent their ambassador Sumner Welles to Cuba to try and settle the dispute. He tried to convince Machado to go, and when he eventually resigned, faced with the dire situation on the streets, the Americans sought to replace him with someone acceptable to them and amenable to American business interests on the island. Carlos Manuel Cespedes was appointed but proved unable to facilitate the unrest. He was brought down by a group of low ranking army officers led by Fulgencio Batista, a mixed race Cuban whose origins were far removed from the traditional military elite. Ramon San Martin Grau was eventually installed as the new president in 1933 (Argote-Freyre, 2006). The 1933 revolution promised great things for Cuba. The revolution was led in by a new generation untainted by the past and pledged to honour the promises of the independence struggle. There was a strong nationalist hint to their programme and it seemed as if some of Cubas most pressing social and economic problems would be addressed by a new wave of clean politicians. Their hopes were however to be dashed by a combination of American hostility, the betrayal of the revolution by Batista and internal divisions between moderates and radicals. The new government nationalised sugar mills and decreed that 50% of the workforce in all businesses had to be Cuban born. The American government refused to recognise Graus government, fearful of the effects it would have on American economic interests on the island. Batista, waiting in the wings, and mindful of the importance of American backing, especially given the internal opposition to Grau, helped to topple the revolutionary government in 1934 and so began the first of his reigns in Cuba, ruling through his control over a succession of puppet presidents until 1940, and in his own right until 1944. The army had become a player in the government of Cuba for the first time, a development which set a dangerous precedent (Gott, 2004). The 1944 elections were won, surprisingly to many, by Grau in elections which were accepted by all to be fair. Batistas rule had been positive in many aspects and had introduced a new, strongly social democratic constitution in 1940, the restoration of which would be a key demand of the 1950s revolutionaries. The peaceful handover of power to the man who had been vanquished in 1933 promised well for Cubas democratic future. However, the two terms of office of Graus Autentico party, formed after the defeat in 1933, were to prove some of the most corrupt in Cubas history and were probably the last nail in the coffin of peaceful, progressive democratic change on the island. Thomas (1971, p.737) asserts that Grau did more than any other single man to kill the hope of democratic practice in Cuba. Corruption was nothing new in Cuban politics however, for many, the governments of Grau and Prio Socarras were particularly foul and tainted not only by corruption but the actions of armed gangs, according to Thomas (1971, p.741) at least 10, who were tolerated and even used by governments between 1944 and 1948. The actions of Grau and the Autentico party were all the more disheartening for having been responsible by the hero of the 1933 revolution and the party which he founded in its aftermath. The party was able to plunder the countrys inflated repositories by the rise in prices for sugar during the years of the Second World War. The government of Prio Socarras which succeeded that of Grau was described by Sweig (Gott, 2004, p.145) as the most corrupt and violent in Cuban history. When Batista took power following a coup in 1952, it did not meet up with much initial opposition. Cubas political class had by now become totally discredited and many were doubtful if electoral politics could even begin to solve the countrys problems. In a sense Batistas coup was a response to this disillusion but in itself was a continuation of the misfortunes facing Cuban society and could provide no new way forward. Each generation of Cubans had been disappointed by politicians and had seen their hopes dashed leading to a rejection of the leaders of the previous generation. Cubans had no dependable political role models to look to (Wright, 2001, p.6) in changing and difficult times, making it easier for new departures and new methods to gain a hearing. This would have been significant in the revolution of 1959. Having looked at the factors in Cuban history which led to Batistas dictatorship, the problems which the country faced, and their influence on the revolutionary movement of the 1950s, it is time to look at the years of the dictatorship and the opposition which it brought forward in order to fully understand how Fidel Castros revolution triumphed and the path which the final phase of the Cuban revolution took. Cuba was, despite all its problems, a relatively prosperous society and there was some evidence of diversification in industry and a greater involvement by Cubans in the sugar industry. However, many inequalities and divisions remained, and the revolution which toppled Batista did not only seek to unseat an unpopular dictator, but also sought solutions to Cubas economic and social problems. In this respect it echoed the previous attempts at reform of the 1933 revolution and the promises of the 1940 constitution. Other factors were the absolute unpopularity, which was shared by a wide range of groups across society, and weakness of the Batista regime and the appeal and leadership qualities of Castro who at the end emerged as the leader of the new order in Cuba. Batistas regime in contrast was supported only by America, the rich, and the old discredited politicians of Cubas past and had no real social basis of support. The key to the survival of the regime lay in the continued support of America, and once lost, there were few to turn to among the decadent and discredited Cuban politicians who could broaden its appeal (Thomas, 1971). Fidel Castro was a product of the Cuban middle class and a member of the Ortodoxo party, formed in 1947 in response to the corruption of the two Autentico governments of the 1940s. Together with Ernesto Che Guevara he came to personify the revolutionary movement in Cuba. However, his 26th of July movement was not the only force opposed to Batista. Opposition, originated, as so many times before, with the students who were joined by the Autentico and Ortodoxo parties, Cuban intellectuals, and other revolutionary groups. Support for Castro was later to extend across a broad spectrum of Cuban society. The Civic Resistance Movement which supplied logistical support had as leading figures a former director of the National Bank, brokers and doctors (Paterson, 1995, p.30). There was little in Castros radical, but not overtly socialist programme, which would alienate the less radical elements of the anti-Batista opposition or justify outright American hostility and was based on the nationalist sentiment of the war of independence and the anti-American feeling which was an outcome of its perceived betrayal and harked back to the frustrated revolution of 1933. It promised an end to the endemic corruption which had plagued Cuban politics and a restoration of the 1940 constitution (Gott, 2004). The years of Batistas dictatorship were marked by resistance answered with repression. As the repression grew ever more brutal, more Cubans were alienated from Batistas regime. The contribution of the urban resistance to Batista has often been overlooked in favour of the more romantic guerrilla war waged by Castro and his followers when they took off to the mountains of the Sierra Maestra after the failed attack on Santiago in 1956. Resistance involved strikes, sabotage, assassination and propaganda. It was, as Wright asserts, (2001, p.16) the resistance in urban centres which pinned down the Batista forces and enabled Castros to grow in strength in the mountains and who also played a crucial role in supplying Castros guerrillas. The weakening of this resistance in the face of Batistas repression strengthened Castros position. An interview carried out with the American journalist Herbert Matthews and published in the New York Times in 1957 was a key event in the development of the war and a boost to Castros personal standing at home and abroad. It contradicted Batistas claims that Castro had been killed and the guerrilla defeated and aroused a lot of sympathy for the rebels in America. A failed attempt to assassinate Batista carried out by the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in March 1957 could have changed the course of the revolution but its failure increased repression and eliminated another potential rival to Castro (Wright, 2001). Meanwhile Batista floundered on. An American arms embargo was evidence that he was losing American backing. A failed general strike in April of 1958 gave credence to the idea that only armed struggle would shift Batista. That Castros forces would be the most likely to lead it, was given a boost following Batistas disastrous offensive against the guerrillas in May 1958. Without American backing and unable to defeat the rebels militarily, Batista was condemned. In a bid to win American support and add a veneer of legitimacy to his regime he called elections in November 1958 from which most withheld, highlighting the isolation of his regime. Meanwhile a strengthened Castro began to emerge as the most likely to unseat Batista and his campaign spread outside of his mountain stronghold. After the fall of the city of Santa Clara in December Batista realised his regime was doomed and escaped to the Dominican Republic on New Years Eve 1958 (Paterson, 1995). The revolution had triumphed. The explanation of the 1958 Cuban revolution can be found then, in the history of the country: the anti-American sentiment of a broad spectrum of Cuban society, and the perceived betrayal of the ideals of independence by successive governments, the closely linked phenomenon of overdependence on the sugar trade and the subsequent underdevelopment of the countrys industrial base, the deep social divisions and finally, the weak legitimacy of its political institutions, the violent and undemocratic nature of Cubas political life and the low prestige of its politicians, all served to alienate Cubans from the political process and to seek answers from a new breed of leader. Events rooted in Cubas history made the revolution possible. As Johnson (1970, p.60) observed revolution often happens in countries which have already experienced change and where more change is necessary. Castro in his evocation of historic Cuban grievances which also harked back to previous reform programmes in 1933 and 1940 appealed to a wide range of anti-Batista opinion, but that Castro would be the one to lead it and to take it in a Communist direction was not inevitable. Castros revolution, regardless of what happened after taking power, was not a socialist revolution. It triumphed because it, as Perez contended, did not preach class war (Gott, 2004, p.166). The Soviet Union played no part in his triumph, and indeed the Cuban Communists did not ally themselves with Castro until 1958. Rather in its focus on the betrayal of independence, and his echoing of past failed attempts at reform, Castros programme was the culmination of a process begun on Cubas winning of independence. The ambivalence of America also played a part in Castros victory. The American position on Castro was not clearly defined (Gott, 2004, p.164) and in Castros success in not provoking greater intervention from the force that could have decisively swayed the outcome of the revolution was a key factor in the revolutions success. Another contributing factor was the weakness and indecision of the Batista regime and its identification with the failed policies and methods of the past. Batistas regime fell in part because it was as Julien (Goldenberg, 1965, p.146) observed rotten to the core.

The Victorian Villain Goes A Governessing English Literature Essay

‘O scoundrel, scoundrel, smiling, damned scoundrel! ‘ I v 106 crossroads. Iago, Lovelace, Willoughby, Dracula, Lecter, Lestat, Voldemort, the intrigues of these and countless other literary scoundrels are frequently queerly absorbing and tempting. Indeed, throughout literature, the image of the scoundrel frequently proves to be the far more interesting character than the victim of their villainousness or the text ‘s hero. For many, the Victorian scoundrel is synonymous with the propertyless male as epitomised by Dickensian originals, for illustration the beastly Bill Sikes or the corruptor of artlessness, the predatory Fagin in Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) .[ 1 ]However, the coming of the esthesis novel during the 1860s heralded a new coevals of scoundrels, a coevals that sent both shockwaves and bangs through the literary universe and its readership. Initially, in what is considered the kick offing novel of the genre, The Woman in White ( 1860 ) ,[ 2 ]villainousness conti nues to be a masculine state as seen in the plants of Dickens, with the word picture of the puzzling Count Fosco, who with his ‘rod of Fe ‘ and chemical science set is arguably one of the most ill-famed scoundrels of the genre.[ 3 ]However, the esthesis novel apparently equates the scoundrel non with the propertyless male or the Gothic blue blood of old genres but with a new original of villainy – the villainess. This gendering of villainousness has led critics such as Hughes to observe that, ‘In the esthesis novel of the Lady Audley tradition, the heroine ‘s rightful topographic point is usurped wholly by the villainess, the golden-haired imposter who masquerades as a conventional married woman while plotting slaying on the side. ‘[ 4 ]Gone are the eighteenth-century portraitures of the innately virtuous heroine, such as Richardson ‘s Pamela and Clarissa, who emphasise the incorruptibility of the heroine as she battles to protect her repute and female pureness, or the early nineteenth-century ‘s word pictures of the reformed flirt who finally conforms as epitomised by Austen ‘s Emma Woodhouse.[ 5 ]In their topographic point stood the extramarital, bigamous, frequently homicidal, angel of the fireplace turned devil in the pretense of the respectable married woman, female parent or governess. This new strain of anti-heroines As Showalter argues, ‘ [ esthesis fiction ] conveys the menace of new phantasies, new outlooks, and even female rebellion ‘[ 6 ], This challenge to the conventional function of adult females ‘silly novels by lady novelists ‘ angel turned demon Mary Elizabeth Braddon ‘s Lady Audley ‘s Secret ( 1862 )[ 7 ] the incorruptibility of the heroine, the angel of the fireplace, is replaced The transmutation of the angel of the fireplace into the scheming devil The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which Married Woman ‘s Property Act divorce 1857 Victorian heroine conjures up images of Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities which label her an aberrance to her sex. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character – the villainess. The low-class male of old literary genres The esthesis novelists offered readers a new sort of scoundrel – the villainess. Aberrant muliebrity. the map of a heroine to function as an object of designation Adeline Sergeant suggests another ground for the popularity of such characters – a rebellion against the ‘inane and impossible goodness ‘ of old literary heroines ( Sergeant, in Mitchell, 1981: 74 ) . There can be no possible uncertainty that the evil of adult male is less catastrophic, less black to the universe in general, than the evil of adult female. That is the flood tide of all bad lucks of the race. Whughes 135 Margaret oliphant Outraged Victorian esthesias Mary Elizabeth Braddon synonymous with the creative activity of a new type of female supporter the angel turned devil. Patrilineal heritage offspring Gaskell Ruth Richardson ‘s Clarissa Wollstonecraft Maria The governess liminal figure equivocal place tabula rasa Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities. Inversion of the melodramatic stereotype of heroine Showalter puerperal passion 71malady The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which they are in portion both the consequence and the cause ‘ ( Mansel, 1863, in Pykett, 1992: 51 ) . ‘the adventuress marries without love and hence submits to arouse without love. Even though the entry takes topographic point within matrimony, the adventuress is frequently shown to be evil because of her sexual willingness. ‘ ( Mitchell, 1981: 76 ) . Sabotaging traditional household values La extreme of female rebellion The villainess makes the out tangible Hughes remarks on the outgrowth of this new literary phenomenon by stating that, The supporter ‘no longer runs off from the manque bigamist ; she is more likely to dabble in a small bigamy of her ain. ‘ ( Hughes, 1980: 9 ) . The madwoman in the Attic had been transformed, from ‘a discolouredaˆÂ ¦ . barbarian face [ with ] aˆÂ ¦.red eyes and the fearful blackened rising prices of the qualities. ‘ ( Bronte, C. , 1847: 317 ) into a demure and attractive Siren, whose ‘fair face shone like a sunray. ‘ ( LAS, 7 ) and who was, by all outward visual aspects, the perfect married woman. Titillation of female villainousness Outside bounds of society villainess made by society In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. Voice and ordain our deepest desires, feelings, ideas. Villain can resemble the hero Lady Audley reveals the paradox that it is the female ‘s aberrant behavior that renders her other, but one time she is ‘othered ‘ her behavior becomes more utmost. Use governess ambivalent place used to analyze adult female ‘s place Disreputable yesteryear Wealth position and repute of course follows barchester histories mr moffatt Encapsulates everything that work forces are most afraid of female gender Morality narrative Unacknowledged desires Lydia female volatility lady Audley female surveillance sensing Victorian readers least resemble scoundrels non like us but surprisingly they teach us about ourselves. As Pam Morris argues, ‘women map as the other which allows work forces to build a positive self-identity as masculine. ‘[ 8 ] Ultimate misdemeanor Schemer with ability to pull strings her victims Does n't repent actions but non crave for an unchecked immorality Lydia ‘s aspiration gathers momentum at that place becomes a unsighted urgency to accomplish her desire to go Mrs Allan Armadale Villain becomes an improbable figure one that ab initio looks and acts like the archetypical angel. This is non to state that esthesis novelists are undertaking evil forces on the page Witness the growing of immorality in one of patriarchate ‘s most powerful images of pureness womankind perverting influence on kids. Not descent into lawlessness or debasement Recognizable new degree of complexness Governess the Respectable face of villainy the governess Disturbing is the Ordinariness of these adult females ‘s state of affairss makes their actions flooring to Victorian reader. A recognizable individual one that they may use in their places. Relative employed as governess. She ‘s non different to us non recognizable as scoundrel. Close propinquity of villainousness. Disparity in their lucks ‘it ‘s a deal. '11 Abandoned kid but principled she works so marries to supply for him.see gilbertdiseasedesire104 Governess ‘s place site of struggle ‘It is non until her individuality hat she becomes a true scoundrel. ‘ Deseasedesire102 Miss Morley ‘pale governess ‘ features that are identifiable as those of 100s of governesses and females. Fifteen old ages of ‘a governess of five-and-thirty old ages of age traveling place to get married a adult male to whom she had been engaged 15 old ages ‘ p.13 ‘a monster nugget turned up under my spade, and I came upon a gilded sedimentation of some magnitude. A fortnight afterwards I was the richest adult male in all the small settlement about me. I travelled post-haste to Sydney, realised my gold findings which were deserving upwards of ?20,000'p.22 What turns Lucy from the ‘doll like ‘ married woman into the villainess is a turn of fate return of hubby Robert ‘s grim chase for George ‘s whereabouts quest to detect her true individuality. Latent lunacy inherited from female parent. Doubly abject female parent Lydia predatory looking for chances to progress her societal position. Power enviousness treachery fright choler desire Femme fatale Life has pushed Lydia Lucy to villainy Writers such as set their narrations in foreign climates or in a landscape of phantasy and fable the scoundrel ‘s actions can non impact civilized society no menace but the power of the esthesis set their narrations in recognizable topographic points and state of affairss. Reader recoils from Lydia but what ‘s she traveling to make next. Lydia ‘s self-destruction the dramatic release from her societal place she has craved. Detailed psychological make-up Fictional scoundrel normally gets his deserts or meets a bloody terminal Jean societal ‘misfit ‘ but we can understand her predicament. Isabel sympathise with her actions apprehensible. The power of Lydia ‘s character is to propose that adult females are ambidextrous, untrusty. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character profligate Robert Lovelace CLarissa Samuel Richardson, Fagin non lovable knave corrupted the artlessness of kids condemnable marauder. Fosco cosmopolite appeal, unusual powers, out believing outsmart investigators, sophisticated, relishes his power, Marian worthy advisory, possibility he will be master, new sort scoundrel reflects scientific thought of clip, unbelieving godless creates his ain moral model, wiw twelvemonth after beginning species, tickle pinking yet terrorizing character. Trained chemist sinister sense events narcotics Imbues work forces with great passion Juggling No redeeming characteristics Without self-doubt, self-questioning, self-despair believes their societal place offers some signifier of exoneration for their actions. Catalyst to events ‘ I do non state that Robert Audley was a coward, but I will acknowledge that a tremble of horror, something kindred to fear, chilled him to the bosom, as he remembered the atrocious things that have been done by adult females, since that twenty-four hours upon which Eve was created to be Adam ‘s comrade and help-meet in the garden of Eden. What if this adult female ‘s beastly power of deception should be stronger than the truth, and oppress him? She had non spared George Talboys when he had stood in her manner, and menaced her with a certain hazard ; would she save him who threatened her with a far greater danger? Are adult females merciful, or loving, or sort in proportion to their beauty and their grace? 273-4 La ‘the female wrongdoer is the venue of horror, the site where the incomprehensible panics of domesticity can be explained and surmounted. '36 Hart Lady Audley putting to deaths premeditated in order to prolong her socially and financially unafraid function of married woman place she has attained via misrepresentation. Gilbert ‘Lady Audley ‘s narrative shows that adult females are most evil when they conform to societal outlooks. ‘ Disease desire 96 sarcasm society labels adult females as adventuress, vill adult females who attract the male regard ‘I did retrieve this ; and it was, possibly, this that made me selfish and heartless ; for I suppose I am heartless. As I grew older I was told that I was reasonably — beautiful — lovely-bewitching. I heard all these things at first indifferently ; but by-and-by I listened to them avariciously, and began to believe that in malice of the secret of my life I might be more successful in the universe ‘s great lottery than my comrades. I had learnt that which in some indefinite mode or other every schoolgirl learns sooner or subsequently — I learned that my ultimate destiny in life depended upon my matrimony, and I concluded that if I was so prettier than my schoolmates, I ought to get married better than any of them. ‘350 Braddon suggests that adult females ‘s future individuality founded on the necessity to procure a good matrimony. Marriage based on the demand for societal and economic security, adult females ‘s fright of poorness, non on love. Phoebe marries out of fright afraid Luke will be ‘violent and vindictive ‘ ( p.107 ) if she is non submissive and compliant to his demands. Female individuality fluid Robert self-fulfillment romantic hero sub-plot masculinastion Faulkes – Writer ‘s confederate thrusts narrative, readers see events unfold, gives us familiarity with scoundrel, sometimes hard non to take his side Dynamic qualities make them appealing. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category mobility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia rational self-aware Robert Audley needs Gerald Coventry Allan Armadales need the figure of the governess in order to happen themselves. The governess didactic map does non halt at the direction cosmetic achievements, French. Their behavior is doubtless indocile but to ask rightful topographic point in the patriarchal order. Fetterley argues that Jean Muir ‘s narrative ‘articulates a extremist review of the cultural concepts of â€Å" muliebrity † and â€Å" small muliebrity, † exposing them as functions that adult females must play, masks they must set on in order to last. Therefore, Jean must play the function of the inactive and submissive beauty, but with the computation of a marauder, in order to achieve the wealth and position she urgently desires. ‘[ 9 ]This is undeniably accurate, and Jean ‘s letters to her co-conspirator, Hortense, reveal that she calculates her every move with the ‘cunning of a marauder. ‘ As Jean embarks on her new life as Lady Coventry the combustion of her letters is the symbolic rejection of her past life but the successful devastation of the ‘cunning marauder ‘s ‘ past life besides symbolises triumph and farther authorization of the indocile female. In decision, the villainess in esthesis fiction the heroine can be said is portrayed as more person than Godhead, a flesh and blood. The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss. In this analysis, the societal and political alterations that Kilroy identifies as a beginning of anxiousness and fear-married adult females ‘s belongings rights and civil divorce, for example-are liberating, although the Schroeders note Thursday female characters such as Clara Talboys Muse and inspiration interesting stance, the ‘pale governess ‘ 15 old ages pittance return to be married The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss.

Supporting Health And Wellbeing Education Essay

Every school and baby's room in Scotland are on a journey to excellence, all schools and early old ages scenes are at different phases of implementing a new Scottish course of study, entitled Curriculum for Excellence, where there are three nucleus topics, one of which is wellness and well-being. The experiences and results of this topic are listed under the headers mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being, be aftering for picks and alteration, physical instruction, physical activity and athletics and nutrient and wellness. As stated in the Curriculum for Excellence â€Å" Children and immature people will develop their acquisition in wellness and well-being by developing the cognition and apprehension, accomplishments, capablenesss and properties which they need for mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being now and in the hereafter † . In readying and during the digest of this undertaking, I have taken history of university readings and notes, literature, statute law, authorities guidelines, local authorization and the baby's room betterment program. The first reading which influenced my undertaking was â€Å" Promoting Health a Practical Guide by L Ewles and I Simnett † I realised wellness has to be promoted in a holistic position and all facets of wellness are interrelated and mutualist. ( See appendix one ) I will associate the theory of wellness and well-being within the country of physical exercising for the kids, parents and staff in Abronhill Nursery School. At present turn toing wellness and well-being, the baby's room have already received the gold award for wellness publicity. The manner frontward here is to guarantee all experiences and results, at the early degree are being addressed. Taking history of the guideline which is supported by The World Health Organisation, kids should hold at least one hr of moderate activity most yearss of the hebdomad. In â€Å" Let ‘s Make Scotland More Active † it is emphasised that this hr will merely hold a positive result if it is choice clip, hence my planning for the acquisition experiences in physical exercising had to be thought out and implemented to guarantee kids benefit from them. I knew that I had to pull off my clip in order to accomplish the 10 experiences with the kids and discussed this with the caput instructor and the two members of staff assigned to be my wise man. My chief focal point in each experience was the results and experiences from the Curriculum for Excellence, in add-on to this I researched and read relevant readings. As detailed in be aftering grid one ( Appendix two ) , I read the Curriculum for Excellence and the Health publicity and nutrition ) ( Scotland ) Act 2007. I gained a cognition and apprehension and was able to take the appropriate results for my planning. When frontward planning, I took into history that physical exercising is critical for physical development, but besides cognitive development, which I learned in one of my talks. This is highlighted in The Helping Young Children to Learn Through Movement Programme by Celia O Donovan who points out that â€Å" Children learn through motion and have a better opportunity of going successful scholars if they develop, organic structure consciousness, musculus tone, balance control, clasp and finger motion and manus to oculus co-ordination † , this in bend links to th e five major constituents of wellness, â€Å" cardio-respiratory, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibleness and organic structure composing † . ( Powers and Dodd 2009 ) In my first learning experience, I planned an experience that related to nursery planning and took history of kids involvements. On contemplation I know that I provided an activity where the kids were to the full engaged, extremely motivated and interacted good, but in treatment with my wise man, it was pointed out that I must concentrate more on the results I wanted the kids to accomplish, this was constructive unfavorable judgments. I will concentrate on the kids ‘s advancement and I will measure suitably. My self-evaluation allowed me to be after my following experience successfully. â€Å" Self-evaluation has become increasing stratified across Scots instruction and has contributed good, to bettering accomplishment for all kids † ( HIME, 2007 ) With mention to The Child at the Centre, quality index 2.2 â€Å" The extent to which parents, carers and households are committed to and actively involved in the life of the Centre † . My following planned experience larning grid three ( Appendix two ) takes history of parents and carers who where encourage to take portion in a Zumba category. It promotes a cognition and apprehension of what I am seeking to accomplish with the kids and involves the parents in physical exercising. I have read parents as spouses and I know that in Abronhill nursery school â€Å" Parents and carers will be encouraged to take portion in the service with staff set uping effectual partnership and maintaining in regular communicating † ( National Care Standards, 2002 ) . This experience besides takes history of â€Å" Young Children ‘s Health and Wellbeing by Underdown A † which states â€Å" Parents are the most important resource in advancing kids ‘s wellness and well-be ing, and they should be valued, respected and supported † . On contemplation I can clearly see how this has been put into pattern and how to include parents in their kids ‘s acquisition. I have included exposure of the wall show I created, utilizing parent ‘s remarks ( See appendix three ) . Within this experience I had a duty to run into the demands of an single kid. I was specifically asked to back up her in the afternoon zumba category, as she had already participated in the forenoon. Her keyworker felt support was necessary as she attendances nursery all twenty-four hours. As my observation notes show alternate support was offered. I closely monitored her advancement and attended to her single demands. My uninterrupted planning for physical exercising within the nucleus topics of wellness and well-being, I am really cognizant of doing certain I plan a assortment of activities to turn to the results. The kids have to be excited and motivated by the challenge set within the activity and this clip I planned an obstruction class. Planing grid four ( Appendix two ) . As my observation notes show the kids where a spot over excited at the beginning, but I was able to settle them, by calmly speech production to the kids and including them in the presentation. It was of import for the kids to listen to the regulations and remain safe. On contemplation in conversation with my wise man I was cognizant of pre-positional linguistic communication and she specifically asked me to listen for kids who used this, as she will farther develop this linguistic communication and take the kids ‘s larning frontward. I now understand that during activities there can be really of import links to other countries of the course of study. The experience I planned for Monday 8th November larning grid figure five ( Appendix two ) was to be held out-of-doorss. This experience was included in nursery planning. ( See Appendix four ) On contemplation I feel the conditions was a factor that influenced the kids ‘s enjoyment, it was stop deading cold and the kids did non profit from this experience, even though they had appropriate vesture on and I am cognizant if the importance of out-of-door acquisition in all conditions conditions. With mention to ( Appendix two ) experiences numbered six and seven, I feel the equipment ( See appendix five ) played a large portion in the kids ‘s acquisition and promoted physical exercising. The difference was evident with all of the kids, in one instance a male child demand a drink of H2O from being on the Wii tantrum and said to me â€Å" I will be back for another spell † . I noticed this in contrast to see figure five, did nil to excited them or desire them to carry-on . I truly learned from this experience how equipment, conditions and motive truly affects the kids ‘s battle and acquisition, in future I would will measure these factors and have another experient planned as a dorsum up. I feel the Wii tantrum is relevant up-to-date, educational and popular with the kids and the experience can be linked from place. On contemplation I used congratulations suitably to actuate the kids and promoted independency, the kids enjoyed the chance to exert. In wellness and well-being, during this arrangement I have addressed and been successful in supplying many chances for the kids to develop a â€Å" positive experience of healthy life activities to larn to get by with ambitious state of affairss and assist them to get down to â€Å" get the capacity to prolong physical, emotional and societal well-being † ( Curriculum for Excellence ) Within this baby's room puting the caput instructor and staff are advancing healthy instruction to each other, visiting staff, kids and parents. My work fitted in the overall properness in the baby's room betterment program and I successfully addressed physical exercising in the early old ages puting. Relevant readings and farther surveies made me cognizant of how other factors influence the wellness and well-being of kids e.g. fleshiness, poorness, attitude of parents and environmental factors. In the hereafter I will be able to confidently utilize the cognition and accomplishments I have gained in the country of physical exercising. I shall widen my cognition of the other factors by reading and research. I will be able to travel in to other early old ages scenes and set my cognition into pattern, but I besides need to analyze the others two countries entitled diet and nutrition and mental wellness and wellbeing as they are interlinked.

Buddhist funerals Essay Example

Buddhist funerals Essay Example Buddhist funerals Paper Buddhist funerals Paper Funerals vary from culture to culture; some are simple and quite, whilst others are loud including partys, celebrating life and death. However for Buddhist a funeral is usually a simple and private affair. There are many different types of Buddhist communities, and each one holds a different type of funeral, from a cremation, to a sky burial. Some of the main Buddhist communities are the Theravada Buddhists, the Tibetan Buddhists and the Mahayana Buddhists, each of them holding a different style of ceremony. The Theravada Buddhists who mainly live in Thailand, encourage a dying person to read or chant passages from the Suttas, they do this to try and improve their Karma as they are very close to the time of their re-birth. After the death, the relatives, pour water over a hand of their dead family member, the body is then placed in a coffin. However he or she is not then just shut away in the dark, the body is surrounded by lights and incense, and sometimes passages from the Abhidhamma will be read over the body, by Bhikkuss. Traditionally the bodies are cremated, as was the Buddha. In Theravada Buddhist communities the cremation usually takes place about three days after the death, until his point the body lays in the home, visited by friends and family, and then at night some one would watch over the body. On the day of the funeral, the body is carried by the community elders, and Bhikkus, at the place of cremation the Bhikkus chant passages from the Suttas as the coffin is being placed upon a pyre, the mourners then light a fire under it, they usually then throw incense into the flame. The Tibetan Buddhists traditionally read the Bardo Thodol to the dying to prepare them for the passage into their next life. Monks carry on saying the Bardo Thodol for 49 days after the death to help the Anatta on its way. In the Tibetan Buddhists views they traditionally cremate the body of the dead like the Theravada Buddhists, however as the Tibetan Buddhists are based in countries with usually scarce amounts of fuel, and wood so the body is given a Sky Burial. Three days after the death, the body is washed and put into the foetal position so that it leaves the world as it arrived; it is then wrapped in a white cloth, the white representing purity. It is the taken to a top of a hill, an area walled off which is usually near a monastery. As the body is taken the monks would chant, and the body would be disposed off at dawn. For a sky burial the body is then unwrapped and a body-breaker craves the body into pieces, then it is mixed with flour, this will act as food for the Vultures. Tibetan Buddhists believe that the body is then taken to Bardo. Bardo is believed to be A human soul between the stages of after-death and rebirth. (1) The Mahayana Buddhists are mainly based in China, the day of the death is very important to them, they believe that as soon as the body is taken the personality goes into a trance for four days in the trance the person does not know if he or she is alive or dead, the Mahayana Buddhists call this period the Bardo, and though out this period monks say special verses. Some of the most important readings that are recited are the Amitabha Sutra and the name of Amitabha. The Mahayana Buddhists also believe that during this period the dead person will see a brilliant light, if it does not scare them, and they can welcome it then they no longer need to be re-born, however most people run away from the light which then fades. The person then relieves that that they have died, and enter the second Bardo, they see everything that they have ever done, or thought. They also think that they have a body, they later relies that they do not, and enter the third Bardo, which is a state in which they search for a another body. * ways morning periods observed * prayers * offerings Buddhist believe in Karma; Karma is everything that you have ever done I your whole life, added up when you die and then weighed. If you have more good Karma then bad Buddhists believe that in your next life you will have a better life then the one that you just lived, how ever if you have more bad Karma then good karma you will be re-born in to a worse life. How great you life can be judged on many points, your family, friends, how wealthy you are, any disabilities, your home, some Buddhists even say that it can determine how pretty you are when you are re-born. This is all decided when you die and enter the second stage of Bardo; Bardo is a place between death and being re-born. Most Buddhist are believed to just be re-born, however there are Buddhists that have reached the end of being re-born, and karma, they enter Nirvana, enlightenment, which is the ultimate aim for all Buddhists. This teaches Buddhists that their lives are in their hands, they can improve it or not. So, Buddhists try to make as much good karma as they can, to reach enlightenment. They do this by following the 10 precepts, which consist of, not killing or harming any living thing, not stealing, not to misuse sex, not to lie and not to cloud the mind with alcohol or drugs, a Buddhists mind should at all times be clear so they can concentrate on reaching enlightenment. The other 5 precepts are not quite as widely practiced, it is usually monks that practice these continually, but are still very important. They are to refrain from eating after midday, to refrain from dancing, singing, or watching unsuitable entertainment. They should also try not to use scents or garlands, they should not sleep on a high or luxurious bed, and they should not touch gold, silver or handle money. Another way Buddhists can reach enlightenment is by following the 8 fold path, the 8fold path has three sections, the way of wisdom, the way of morality and the way of mental training. The way of wisdom teaches Buddhists a true insight and deep understanding of lie. (3) The way of morality teaches them how to behave towards other people and the environment. (3) Whist the way of mental training teaches them the spiritual practices that the Buddha can perform in order to reach Nibbana. (3) Under these headings they have the 8 points of the 8 fold path that they must follow, they are having the right view, the right intentions, the right speech, the right action, the right livelihood, the right effort, the right meditation and the right mindfulness. If a Buddhist follows the rules of the 8 Fold Path, then he is on his way to making himself a better Buddhist, not only this, but the more he or she practices the 8 Fold Path the closer they get to reaching enlightenment which is their ultimate aim. By following these rules, they allow them selves to enter a state of mind, which Makes the mind still and steady opens vast vistas of bliss, serenity and power, and helps them to generate the insights unveiling the ultimate truth of things. (2). Red: Wisdom Training. Right View, understanding the 4 Noble Truths, and understanding Karma. Right Intentions, having Good Will (Metta) and Harmlessness. Blue: Ethics Training. Right Speech, not harsh, rude, false, slander, or idle chit-chatter. Right Action, not killing anything alive, stealing, or sexual misconduct. Right Livelihood earning your living legally, honestly, peacefully, and without harm. Purple: Meditation Training. Right Effort in path of enlightenment, and the undertaking of the great endeavors. Right Concentration/ Meditation, opening your mind, being calm and in control. Right Mindfulness, not being lazy, mindful contemplation of the body, feelings, states of mind, and phenomena.

A Pirating War essays

A Pirating War essays Would you rather pay twenty to twenty-five dollars for one DVD or less than forty bucks for a computer program which copies any DVD and stores it onto your computer? If you were a smart shopper it comes to you as common sense. There are such programs on the market that you can buy, but there are a few problems. There are certain little things called copyright laws. This is how certain companies such as MGM and other such companies are winning lawsuits against people that distribute these programs and also hackers that break through the encryptions on the DVDs. The current legal DVD battle between the movie industry and the free/open software communities over DVD is a microcosm of an ongoing intellectual property war. This war pits intellectual property owners against such diverse groups as programmers opposing restrictions on reverse engineering and the publication of computer code and librarians opposing new restrictions on copyright rights of first sale and fair use. Jon Johansen may be the youngest victim of this war. Because of software posted on the 16-year-old's Web site, his home in Norway was raided in January by police who seized two computers and a cell phone. Both Jon and his father were indicted; criminal charges could result in two- to three-year prison Now ever since there has been DVDs, there has been hackers trying to break the encryptions on these DVDs. Encryptions are a certain series of codes that makes it hard to copy a DVD. MGM and other such companies have brought these hackers to court and accused them of breaking the copyrights of these DVDs. Lets just say that it was Hollywood against these certain big named hackers. Of course Hollywood won and is still winning, dew to the copyright laws of the movies. But this does not mean that they can stop all the low profile hackers that break these laws everyday by copying DVDs and then selling them. Now these concer ...

WORKPLACE CONFLICT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WORKPLACE CONFLICT - Essay Example The inconsistency emanating from the relationship between him and the head of department may seem obvious and an easy task to resolve. However, the issue may run out of control and hurt the whole organization. Therefore, establishing the different concepts as honorable approaches to resolving the rivalry could serve to save the company from animosity, with an advantageous outline of handling relevant future problems. Adapting to the concept of avoidance can serve as a vital tool to resolving the problems prevailing between the head of department and the employee. The concept asserts that the individuals could differ from direct confrontations (Cooper). For instance, George could undertake his tasks towards achieving the organizational set goals without hindrances, and in accordance with the set of rules and regulations. The head of department may resent to the issue of job performance with the aim of completion targeting to improve the quality of output. The concept may serve to adequately restrict the H.O.D from interfering with employee performances so long as they are up to the set rules and regulations. Avoidance concept could further restrict the manager from meddling into George’s undertakings as he remains naà ¯ve of the dealings till the point of delivery. In the event that the H.O.D enforces inapplicable regulations causing strenuous relationship between him and George, the concept is relevant to competitive conflict style. In this concept, the high ranked individual seems to express an unchallenged authority over his subordinates in order to feel satisfied. For instance, the H.O.D exerts pressure to George to work towards achieving his solely set objectives despite the fact that they are set to benefit the organization. The concept depicts an understanding that the approach may restrain the subject to quit all his duties entirely. Competitive rivalry between the manager and the employee,